1. ”Digital Democracy The tools transforming political engagement”, Julie Simon, Theo Bass, Victoria Boelman and Geoff Mulgan February 2017. www.nesta.org.uk     
2. in The Economist Intelligence Unit (2015) ‘Democracy Index: Democracy in an age of Anxiety.’ London, New York, Hong Kong, Geneva: The Economist Intelligence Unit. p.11.
3. Hargittai, E., Gallo, J., Kane, M. (2008) Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers. ‘Public Choice.’ 134: 67-68; Conover, M.D., Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Goncalves, B., Flammini, A. and Menczer, F. (2011) ‘Political Polarization on Twitter.’ Proceedings of the Fifth International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. Menlo Park: AAAI Press. Lawrence, E., Sides, J. and Farrell, H. (2010) Self-segregation or deliberation? Blog readership, participation and polarization in American Politics. ‘Perspectives on Politics.’ 8:141-57.

3. This phenomenon is known as Information cascades, where things are published, taken as true and shared very quickly. See for example, Easley, D. and Kleinberg, J. (2010) ‘Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World.’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4. Pariser, E. (2015) Did Facebook’s Big New Study ill My Filter Bubble Thesis? [online]. ‘BackChannel.’ 7 May, 2015. Available from: https://backchannel.com/facebookpublished-a-big-new-study-on-the-filter-bubble-heres-what-it-says-ef31a292da95#.e7f0n0p5i [Accessed 22 November 2016].
5. Rallings, C. and Thrasher, M. (2014) ‘Local Elections in England May 2014 (including Mayoral elections)’ [online]. Plymouth University Elections Centre. Available from: http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/__data/assets/ pdf_file/0003/175062/Local-elections-2014-Electoral-datareport.pdf [Accessed 4 November 2016]; BBC News (2016) Police and Crime Commissioner elections 2016 [online]. ‘BBC’. 6 May 2016. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/ news/election/2016/police [Accessed 4 November 2016].

6. The Economist Intelligence Unit (2015) Democracy Index: Democracy in an age of Anxiety. London, New York, Hong Kong, Geneva: The Economist Intelligence Unit. p.11.
7. Hargittai, E., Gallo, J. and Kane, M. (2008) Cross-ideological discussions among conservative and liberal bloggers. ‘Public Choice.’ 134, pp.67-68; Conover, M, Ratkiewicz, J., Francisco, M., Goncalves, B., Flammini, A. and Menczer, F. (2011) Political Polarization on Twitter. Proc. 5th Int. AAAI. Conf. Weblogs Soc. Media. Menlo Park; Lawrence, E., Sides, J., Farrell, H. (2010) Self-segregation or deliberation? Blog readership, participation and polarization in American Politics. ‘Perspectives on Politics.’ 8, pp.141-57.

8. This phenomenon is known as Information cascades, where things are published, taken as true and shared very quickly. See for example, Easley, D. and Kleinberg, J. (2010) ‘Networks, Crowds, and Markets: Reasoning about a Highly Connected World.’ Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9. Pariser, E. (2015) Did Facebook’s Big New Study ill My Filter Bubble Thesis? [online]. ‘BackChannel.’ 7 May, 2015. Available from: https://backchannel.com/facebookpublished-a-big-new-study-on-the-filter-bubble-heres-what-it-says-ef31a292da95#.e7f0n0p5i [Accessed 22 November 2016].
10. See: http://dcentproject.eu [Accessed 4 November 2016].
11. Tuzzi, A., Padovani, C., and Nesti, G. (2007) ‘Communication and (e)democracy: assessing European e-democracy discourses’. In: Cammaerts, B. and Carpentier, N. (eds) ‘Reclaiming the media. Communication rights and democratic media roles.’ Bristol/Chicago: Intellect, pp. 31-65.
12. Longo, J. (2013) ‘Open Government – What’s in a Name?’ [online]. GovLab Blog. Available from: http://thegovlab.org/ open-government-whats-in-a-name/ [Accessed 07/12/2016].
13. Noveck, B. (2009) ‘Wiki Government: How Technology Can Make Government Better, Democracy Stronger, and Citizens More Powerful.’ Washington: Brookings Institution Press.

14. Rawls, J. (1993) ‘Political Liberalism.’ New York: Columbia University Press; Rawls, J. (1997) The Idea of Public Reason Revisited. ‘The University of Chicago Law Review.’ 64

(3), pp.765–807; Habermas, J. (1996) ‘Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse Theory of Law and

Democracy.’ Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; Fishkin, J. (2009) ’When the People Speak: Deliberative Democracy and Public Consultation.’ Oxford: Oxford University Press.

15. See: edemocracia.gov.br [Accessed 4 November 2016].
16. Faria, C. (2013) ‘The Open Parliament in the Age of the Internet: Can the people now collaborate with legislatures in law-making?’ Brazil: Chamber of Deputies.
17. Faria, C. (2013) ‘The Open Parliament in the Age of the Internet: Can the people now collaborate with legislatures in law-making?’ Brazil: Chamber of Deputies.
18. Numbers available from the e-Democracia portal. See https://goo.gl/TJLL9i [Accessed 4 November 2016].
19. The bill is available from the e-Democracia portal here: https://goo.gl/wm1fPM [Accessed 4 November 2016].

20. Image provided over email correspondence with Cristiano Ferri, November 2016.
21. See: http://labhackercd.net/index.html [Accessed 4 November 2016].
22. Interview with Cristiano Ferri Soares de Faria, 5 July 2016.
23. Faria, C. (2010) Can People Help Legislators Make Better Laws? Brazil Shows How [online]. ‘Tech President.’ 29 April 2010. Available from: http://techpresident.com/user-blog/ can-people-help-legislators-make-better-laws-brazilshows-how [Accessed 4 November 2016].

24. Faria, C. (2013) ‘The Open Parliament in the Age of the Internet: Can the people now collaborate with legislatures in law-making?’ Brazil: Chamber of Deputies, p. 203.
25. Interview with Cristiano Ferri Soares de Faria, 5 July 2016.
26. Faria, C. (2013) ‘The Open Parliament in the Age of the Internet: Can the people now collaborate with legislatures in law-making?’ Brazil: Chamber of Deputies, p. 212.
27. Interview with Diego Cunha, 24 August 2016.
28. See: http://beta.edemocracia.camara.leg.br/home [Accessed 13/12/16].
29. Interview with Cristiano Ferri Soares de Faria, 5 July 2016.
30. Interview with Diego Cunha, 24 August 2016.
31. Interview with Cristiano Ferri Soares de Faria, 5 July 2016.
32. See: https://www.parlement-et-citoyens.fr/pages/le-comitede-soutien [Accessed 4 November 2016].
33. See: https://www.parlement-et-citoyens.fr/pages/l-histoire [Accessed 4 November 2016].
34. Lewis, E. and Slitine, R. (2016) ‘Le coup d’État citoyen: Ces initiatives qui réinventent la démocratie.’ Paris: La Découverte.
35. See: http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/Unenouvelle-page-de-l-histoire-de.html [Accessed 4 November 2016].
36. See: http://www.gouvernement.fr/en/the-digital-bill [Accessed 4 November 2016].
37. parlement-et-citoyens.fr/project/comment-refonder-lademocratie-locale/consultation/consultation-28 [Accessed 5 Decemeber 2016].
38. See: https://www.parlement-et-citoyens.fr/pages/commentca-marche [Accessed 4 November 2016].
39. Interview with Thibaut Dernoncourt, 18 July, 2016.
40. See: https://www.parlement-et-citoyens.fr/project/projetde-loi-pour-la-reconquete-de-la-biodiversite-de-la-natureet-des-paysages/presentation/presentation-et-suivi-6 [Accessed 4 November 2016].
41. See: https://www.parlement-et-citoyens.fr/project/economiecollaborative-quels-enjeux-pour-notre-modele-de-societe/ presentation/presentation-et-suivi-5 [Accessed November 2016].
42. Cap Collective and ISLean Consulting (2015) ‘Bilan de la consultation République Numérique’ [online]. Available from: http://www.republique-numerique.fr/media/default/0 001/02/2377a996950cadd5a093dc9e3a621c0e1f9a19f5.pdf [Accessed 4 November 2016], p.16.
43. See: http://www.republique-numerique.fr/media/default/00 01/02/52587d44cde47eacdba246c5625232454c06e33a.pdf [Accessed 4 November].
44. Interview with Thibaut Dernoncourt, 18 July, 2016.